Biological Races in Humans - PubMed Central (PMC)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesSkin color differences in humans are not a reliable indicator of overall genetic differentiation or evolutionary history. Moreover, skin color varies continuously among humans in a clinal fashion rather than categorical ecotypes (Relethford, 2009). Hence, there is a compelling biological reason to exclude skin color as the racially-defining adaptive trait under the ecotype concept of race.
The Genetics of Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesThere are many biological differences between males and females that are beyond the obvious differences at a gross, macro level (e.g., height, weight, and external genitalia). Specifically, there are several important physiological differences that have critical implications including the susceptibility to different diseases and the ability to metabolize different medications.